Firstly, there are currently no data within the interchangeability or sequential use of the different available vaccines. should be recommended about the vaccines that are Tirasemtiv (CK-2017357) recommended for their age group in the platform of the national vaccination routine. Travel-specific vaccines must be discussed in detail on a case-by-case basis, and the risk associated with the vaccine should be cautiously weighed against the risk of contracting the disease during travel. Travel-specific vaccines examined here include yellow fever, hepatitis, meningococcal meningitis, typhoid fever, cholera, poliomyelitis, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis and dengue. Conclusion: The number of older people who have the good health and financial resources to travel is definitely rising dramatically. Older holidaymakers should be recommended appropriately about routine and travel-specific vaccines, taking into account the destination, period and purpose of the trip, the activities planned, the type of accommodation, as well as patient-specific characteristics, such as health status and current medications. 0.001), and only 62.7% (95% CI 50.8C74.6) of those aged 50C60?years had anti-diphtheria antibodies at a level considered to be seroprotective (i.e., 0.1?IU/ml). Weinberger et al. also reported that recall response to diphtheria and tetanus vaccination was insufficient in older individuals in their study of 252 individuals aged above 60?years who also received a booster vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria, and a subgroup (= 87) that received a second booster 5?years later (Weinberger et al., 2013). Although almost all participants had protecting antibody concentrations at 4?weeks after the first vaccination, antibodies fell below levels considered to be seroprotective in 10% (for tetanus) and 45% (for diphtheria) after 5?years. Safety was restored in almost all vaccinees after the second vaccination (Weinberger et al., 2013). These findings underline the need for regular and well-documented booster photos of recommended vaccines in adults throughout the life course, independently of travel plans. This is of particular importance in view of the latest epidemiological data concerning diphtheria, showing an upward tendency in the number of instances worldwide 2017, after a steady decrease from 2000 to 2016, suggesting that progress in the fight against diphtheria worldwide offers stalled (Clarke et al., 2019). The WHO South-East Asia region offers reported the majority of global diphtheria incidence each year since 2000, and within the WHO South-East Asia region, India, Nepal, and Indonesia collectively accounted for 96C99% of instances (Clarke et al., 2019). Human population migration or political instability in certain areas likely contributed to creating conditions beneficial to outbreaks, with the largest most recent outbreaks reported in the Rohingya refugee human population in Bangladesh, and in Yemen and Venezuela (Clarke et al., 2019). Influenza Vaccination Program influenza vaccination should be recommended and given yearly. In the European Union, all countries recommend the influenza vaccine for individuals aged over 65?years, independently of travel. According to the most recent log level diagram by Steffen (2018), influenza is the most event vaccine-preventable disease in holidaymakers. Due to physiological immune-senescence, vaccine effectiveness among older adults is significantly lower (37% in those aged 65?years and older vs. 51% in those aged 18C64?years) (Belongia et al., 2016). These figures have also been confirmed from the Canadian Severe Outcome Monitoring (SOS) Network, even though authors also shown that, despite this rather low effectiveness, the number of deaths prevented by the influenza vaccine is around 75% for those aged 65?years and older (Nichols et al., 2018). There are different vaccines available in different parts of the world. For example, you will find independent vaccines for the Northern and Southern hemispheres, although their strains are often Tirasemtiv (CK-2017357) related (Lambach et al., 2015). There is a live-attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine, not available in Europe, which is not recommended for people aged 65 or older (Grohskopf Tirasemtiv (CK-2017357) et al., 2018). There are several licensed vaccines for seniors, i.e., a trivalent inactivated high-dose vaccine, a quadrivalent inactivated adjuvanted vaccine and a quadrivalent recombinant vaccine, particularly suitable for those with an egg allergy (Grohskopf et al., 2018). A high-dose quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV4; Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent, Sanofi Pasteur) was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration in 2019 for the prevention of influenza in individuals aged 65?years and older (Chahine, 2021). Inside a phase III trial in the United States, it was shown to be INK4C well tolerated and to induce non-inferior immune responses compared to those induced from the trivalent high-dose vaccine for the shared strains (Chang et al., 2019). The preferred vaccine is the adjuvanted method, because the presence of MF59 enhances the response from the senescing immune system through the recruitment and activation of immune cells in the injection site. In addition, MF59-adjuvanted vaccine was shown to induce a stronger booster response than the non-adjuvanted vaccine, and also offered broader serological safety against drifted strains that circulated in the 2 2?years.